End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)

End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) is the final stage of chronic kidney disease, marked by a significant decline in kidney function to the point where the kidneys can no longer adequately perform their essential functions. Individuals with ESRD typically require dialysis or kidney transplantation to maintain life-sustaining functions. Causes of ESRD can include diabetes, hypertension, autoimmune diseases, and genetic factors. Symptoms may include fatigue, swelling, difficulty concentrating, and changes in urine output. Treatment options for ESRD aim to manage symptoms, slow disease progression, and improve quality of life through dialysis or transplantation, along with lifestyle modifications and medical management of underlying conditions.